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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Components of Stress01:23

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Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research
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Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research

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The choroid plexus is an important circadian clock component.

Jihwan Myung1,2,3,4,5, Christoph Schmal6, Sungho Hong7

  • 1RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako, 351-0198, Japan. jhmyung@gmail.com.

Nature Communications
|March 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain's choroid plexus (CP) clock, faster and stronger than the SCN clock, fine-tunes daily rhythms. This discovery reveals a new layer in the brain's hierarchical circadian organization.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian circadian rhythms are organized hierarchically, primarily regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.
  • The role of non-SCN brain regions in maintaining circadian rhythmicity and their contribution to this hierarchy are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of circadian oscillations in various brain regions, particularly the choroid plexus (CP).
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which the CP clock influences the SCN clock and overall behavioral rhythms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of circadian clock gene expression oscillations in different brain loci of mice.
  • Computational modeling to understand CP oscillator synchronization via gap junctions.
  • In vitro tissue co-culture and in vivo Bmal1 gene deletion in the CP to silence its circadian clock.

Main Results:

  • The mouse choroid plexus (CP) exhibits robust, higher amplitude, and faster circadian oscillations compared to the SCN.
  • Computational models indicate CP's properties arise from synchronized "twist" circadian oscillators connected by gap junctions.
  • Silencing the CP clock via Bmal1 deletion demonstrated its influence on the SCN clock, likely through cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

Conclusions:

  • The choroid plexus (CP) acts as a significant circadian pacemaker within the brain's hierarchical system.
  • CP clock synchrony and its communication with the SCN via cerebrospinal fluid are crucial for fine-tuning behavioral circadian rhythms.