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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Weak Base Solutions03:21

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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DNA Base Pairing02:27

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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Genome Editing in Astyanax mexicanus Using Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases TALENs
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TALEN-Based Knockout System.

Keita Yoshida1, Nicholas Treen2

  • 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan. yoshida.keita@twmu.ac.jp.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers updated the transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) toolkit for ascidians like Ciona intestinalis. This facilitates detailed gene function analysis through targeted mutagenesis and knockout strategies.

Keywords:
AscidianCiona intestinalisConditional knockoutGenome editingTALEN

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Targeted gene mutagenesis is crucial for understanding gene function.
  • Genome editing tools like TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 offer efficient mutagenesis strategies.
  • Ascidians, such as Ciona intestinalis, are valuable model organisms for studying gene function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce recent advancements in the TALEN toolkit for ascidians.
  • To facilitate detailed functional analysis of genes in Ciona intestinalis.
  • To enable the establishment of mutant lines and tissue-specific knockouts.

Main Methods:

  • Application of TALEN-based knockout in Ciona intestinalis.
  • Development and utilization of updated TALEN tools.
  • Targeted mutagenesis for gene function studies.

Main Results:

  • The updated TALEN toolkit enhances the ease of gene function analysis in ascidians.
  • Successful application of TALENs for generating mutant lines.
  • Enabling tissue-specific knockout strategies for precise gene function studies.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced TALEN tools provide powerful means for detailed gene functional analysis in Ciona intestinalis.
  • These tools are instrumental in establishing mutant lines and tissue-specific knockouts.
  • The updated toolkit expands the capabilities for genetic research in ascidians.