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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
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Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

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CRISPR Knockouts in Ciona Embryos.

Shashank Gandhi1, Florian Razy-Krajka2, Lionel Christiaen3

  • 1Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a straightforward CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout protocol for Ciona tunicates. Researchers can now easily edit genes in Ciona embryos using accessible tools and reagents.

Keywords:
ChordatesGenome editingSomatic gene knockoutTargeted mutagenesisTunicatessgRNAs

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Embryo Microinjection and Knockout Mutant Identification of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Edited Helicoverpa Armigera H&#252;bner
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Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful genome editing tool.
  • The tunicate Ciona is a valuable model organism for biological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockouts in Ciona embryos.
  • To enable efficient gene editing in somatic cells of Ciona.

Main Methods:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 system design and implementation.
  • Electroporation of Ciona embryos.
  • Evaluation of gene knockout efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Successful CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockouts were achieved in Ciona somatic cells.
  • The protocol utilizes readily available reagents and free software.

Conclusions:

  • This protocol simplifies gene knockout generation in Ciona.
  • It empowers researchers to study gene function in various embryonic cell lineages.