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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Composite Bodies00:55

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
Composite bodies have widespread applications in mechanical engineering, from automobiles to aircraft to rockets. For example, an automobile wheel comprises...
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Composition of Blood01:22

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
Formed elements constitute the remaining 45% of the blood volume. These...
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Composition of Body Fluids01:29

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Water functions as a solvent accommodating various solutes, which can be categorized under electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Non-electrolytes are usually held together by covalent bonds, restricting them from dissociating in solution, thereby leading to a lack of electrically charged components upon dissolving in water. They are predominantly organic molecules, such as glucose, creatinine, and urea. Electrolytes, on the other hand, are compounds that can break down into ions in water.
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Composite areas are structures with multiple basic shapes connected in some way. These shapes usually include rectangles, triangles, circles, and other basic shapes that are connected in such a way as to form a single structure. Calculating the second moment of area for a composite area is essential when trying to understand the structure's overall stiffness.
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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method
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2.1  μm composite Tm/Ho:YAG laser.

Haizhou Huang, Jianhong Huang, Yan Ge

    Optics Letters
    |March 16, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers achieved Ho laser operation using a novel composite Tm/Ho:YAG crystal, yielding significant output power and efficiency. This diffusion-bonded approach offers a compact and efficient method for Ho laser generation.

    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Thulium (Tm) and Holmium (Ho) doped YAG lasers are crucial for various applications.
    • Efficient pumping schemes are essential for optimizing laser performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate Ho laser operation in a novel composite Tm/Ho:YAG gain medium.
    • To evaluate the efficiency and output power of this new laser configuration.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of Tm-doped and Ho-doped YAG crystals into a single bulk structure via diffusion bonding.
    • Characterization of laser output power and efficiency using a 785 nm laser diode pump.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved Ho laser operation in the composite Tm/Ho:YAG gain medium.
    • Obtained a maximum output power of approximately 6 W.

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  • Recorded a slope efficiency of 40.1% and a conversion efficiency (CE) of 33.6%.

    • Conclusions:

    • The composite Tm/Ho:YAG gain medium provides a viable and efficient method for Ho laser generation.
    • This technique is significant for developing assessable, compact, and efficient Ho lasers in various host media or waveguide structures.