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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Reaction Mechanisms

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:

Determining Order of Reaction

Determining Order of Reaction

Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...

Reaction Yield

Reaction Yield

The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.

Reaction Rate

Reaction Rate

The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...

Reaction Quotient

Reaction Quotient

The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as

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Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

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Hierarchical Dehydrogenation Reactions on a Copper Surface.

Qing Li¹, Biao Yang¹, Jonas Björk²

¹Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|March 16, 2018

Summary

This study demonstrates controlled, stepwise removal of X-H bonds (X = N, C) from aromatic amines on a copper surface. This enables the predictable construction of complex metal-organic supramolecular structures for advanced on-surface synthesis.

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Area of Science:

Surface chemistry
Organic chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

Hierarchical control of chemical reactions is a significant challenge in modern organic chemistry.
On-surface synthesis offers a platform for precise molecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

To achieve controlled, stepwise scission of X-H bonds (X = N, C) in aromatic amines on a Cu(111) surface.
To investigate the formation of metal-organic supramolecular structures resulting from these reactions.

Main Methods:

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) for high-resolution monitoring.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for reaction pathway elucidation.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to complement experimental findings.

Main Results:

Demonstrated one-by-one scission of N-H and C-H bonds in aromatic amines.
Observed the formation of distinct metal-organic supramolecular structures after each dehydrogenation step.
Elucidated reaction mechanisms through combined experimental and computational approaches.

Conclusions:

Stepwise on-surface synthesis protocols allow for reliable and predictable construction of complex molecular architectures.
This work provides fundamental insights into controlled chemical transformations on surfaces.
Paves the way for designing intricate supramolecular assemblies with tailored properties.