Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional terrain. Creating a topographic map requires a systematic approach.Begin by plotting a scaled grid and marking intersections corresponding to the survey's elevation data points. Assign elevation values at these intersections to build the base map. Next, determine contour levels using a consistent contour interval,...

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

Purposive Learning

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...

Observational Learning

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Tau-PET imaging and blood biomarkers reveal early tauopathy in special operations forces exposed to repetitive blast.

Brain communications·2026

Same author

One is not like the other: Examining the neural response to repetitive low-level blast exposure in experienced military personnel.

Neuroimage. Reports·2026

Same author

Integrated Blood Biomarker and Neurobehavioural Signatures of Latent Neuroinjury in Experienced Military Breachers Exposed to Repetitive Low-Intensity Blast.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same author

The impact of moral injury-related content on reasoning and its neural correlates: Data from the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF).

Neuroimage. Reports·2025

Same author

Clinical Manifestations.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025

Same author

The impact of repetitive exposure to low-level blast on neurocognitive function in Canadian Armed Forces' breachers, snipers, and military controls.

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing PSC-to-Functional Cell Differentiation Using ML Models Based on Live-Cell Bright-Field Imaging

Author Spotlight: Enhancing PSC-to-Functional Cell Differentiation Using ML Models Based on Live-Cell Bright-Field Imaging

Published on: October 4, 2024

Topographical memory for newly-learned maps is differentially affected by route-based versus landmark-based learning:

Erin L Beatty^1,2, Alexandra Muller-Gass^1,3, Dorothy Wojtarowicz¹

¹Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre.

|March 16, 2018

Summary

Learning maps using landmarks enhances topographical memory and working memory capacity. This landmark-based strategy improves map recognition, even under high cognitive load, unlike route-based learning.

More Related Videos

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Published on: June 5, 2017

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework

Published on: July 22, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing PSC-to-Functional Cell Differentiation Using ML Models Based on Live-Cell Bright-Field Imaging

Author Spotlight: Enhancing PSC-to-Functional Cell Differentiation Using ML Models Based on Live-Cell Bright-Field Imaging

Published on: October 4, 2024

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Published on: June 5, 2017

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework

Published on: July 22, 2025

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Spatial Cognition

Background:

Topographical memory is crucial for navigating and understanding spatial environments.
Individuals employ diverse strategies when learning new spatial information, but their impact on memory and neural mechanisms remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how different map learning strategies (route-based vs. landmark-based) affect topographical memory.
To explore the neural correlates associated with these strategies under varying working memory loads.

Main Methods:

Participants studied unfamiliar maps using either a route- or landmark-focused strategy.
Map recognition was tested using functional MRI (fMRI) under high and low working memory load conditions.
Brain activity was analyzed to identify regions associated with memory retrieval and strategy use.

Main Results:

Both strategies engaged visual object recognition areas (inferior temporal gyrus).
Landmark-based learning significantly outperformed route-based learning under high working memory load.
Landmark-based learning was associated with greater activation in the left inferior parietal lobule (area PFt), a region involved in topographical and working memory.

Conclusions:

A landmark-based learning strategy offers a protective effect against working memory load during spatial memory recognition.
The left inferior parietal lobule plays a key role in supporting landmark-based topographical memory, especially under demanding cognitive conditions.