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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

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In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

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Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
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Related Experiment Video

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Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors
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Within the Brain: The Renin Angiotensin System.

LaDonya Jackson1, Wael Eldahshan2, Susan C Fagan3,4

  • 1Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. lajackson1@augusta.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Modulators of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) show promise beyond blood pressure control, enhancing cognition. This review explores RAS

Keywords:
agingalzhemiers disease (AD)angiotensinangiotensin AT1 receptorangiotensin AT2 receptorinflammationmas receptormas-related-G protein coupled MrgD receptormicrogliaparkinson’s disease (PD)vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) modulators are established treatments for hypertension.
  • Emerging evidence highlights RAS modulators' pleiotropic effects, including cognitive enhancement.
  • The brain's RAS components are implicated in neuroprotection and cognitive function, with known crosstalk with other neurotransmitter systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical and clinical evidence on RAS modulators' impact on cognitive impairment.
  • To present the expression and function of various RAS receptor subtypes in the brain.
  • To highlight the significance of the RAS in cognition and its therapeutic potential in related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical studies.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data.
  • Examination of neurobiological mechanisms and receptor pharmacology.

Main Results:

  • RAS modulators demonstrate efficacy in improving cognition across various etiologies.
  • Specific RAS receptor subtypes (AT1R, AT2R, AT4R, MasR, MrgD) are expressed in brain cells, modulating cognitive processes.
  • Evidence supports a crucial role for the brain's RAS in maintaining cognitive health.

Conclusions:

  • RAS modulators possess significant potential for treating cognitive impairment.
  • Understanding brain RAS receptor subtypes offers novel therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into RAS modulation could yield new treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.