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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Preface: Special Topic on Nuclear Quantum Effects.

Mark Tuckerman1, David Ceperley2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classical approximations fail for light nuclei processes. This study explores nuclear quantum effects in condensed phases, highlighting new algorithms and applications for quantum mechanical treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Chemical physics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Classical physics approximations are often sufficient for describing phenomena.
  • Quantum mechanics governs the universe, but classical approximations are widely used.
  • Classical descriptions fail for processes involving light nuclei.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Showcase recent advances in understanding nuclear quantum effects.
  • Highlight novel algorithmic developments for studying these effects.
  • Present new applications enhancing the study of nuclear quantum effects in condensed phases.

Main Methods:

  • Quantum mechanical treatments
  • Algorithmic development
  • Computational simulations

Main Results:

  • Advances in understanding nuclear quantum effects in condensed phases.
  • Development of novel algorithms for quantum mechanical studies.
  • Enhanced capabilities for studying nuclear quantum effects.

Conclusions:

  • Full quantum mechanical treatment is indispensable for processes involving light nuclei.
  • Novel algorithms and applications improve the study of nuclear quantum effects.
  • Research advances understanding of quantum phenomena in condensed phases.