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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Related Experiment Video

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Tracking Hypoxic Signaling within Encapsulated Cell Aggregates
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The tumour microenvironment links complement system dysregulation and hypoxic signalling.

Monica M Olcina1, Ryan K Kim1, Stavros Melemenidis1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

The British Journal of Radiology
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The complement system, part of innate immunity, plays a role in cancer progression. Hypoxia (low oxygen) in tumors influences complement regulation, impacting cancer growth and prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The complement system is a key innate immune defense mechanism.
  • Complement dysregulation is observed in various cancers, correlating with poor prognosis.
  • Hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors, associated with adverse outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate relationship between tumor hypoxia and complement system regulation.
  • To explore how hypoxia influences complement proteins within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To discuss the downstream biological effects of hypoxia-mediated complement alterations in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies investigating complement and hypoxia in cancer.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms linking hypoxia-inducible factors to complement gene expression.
  • Examination of cellular and preclinical models demonstrating complement-hypoxia interactions.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia alters the expression and function of complement proteins in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment.
  • Specific complement activation pathways are modulated by hypoxic conditions.
  • These alterations contribute to cancer-associated processes like proliferation and angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between hypoxia and complement represents a significant factor in tumor progression.
  • Targeting the hypoxia-complement axis may offer novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate these complex interactions for clinical application.