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Related Concept Videos

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

C. elegans Positive Butanone Learning, Short-term, and Long-term Associative Memory Assays
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Improved endothelial function after short-term therapy with evolocumab.

Guglielmo Maulucci1, Francesco Cipriani2, Dolores Russo2

  • 1Ospedali Riuniti University Hospital, Foggia, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Lipidology
|March 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolocumab therapy significantly improved endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia, as evidenced by increased flow-mediated dilation (FMD). This improvement in endothelial function was directly proportional to the reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels.

Keywords:
Brachial artery vasoreactivity testEndothelial functionEvolocumabPCSK9-inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cholesterol-lowering therapy can enhance endothelial function.
  • Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) antibodies represent a significant advancement in lipid-lowering therapy.
  • The impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
  • To assess improvements in endothelial function using the brachial artery vasoreactivity test.

Main Methods:

  • A brachial artery vasoreactivity test was conducted on 14 patients with prior myocardial infarction.
  • Patients received evolocumab 140 mg twice monthly for two months.
  • Evaluated parameters included flow-mediated dilation (FMD), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, brachial artery diameter, and velocity time integral.

Main Results:

  • Evolocumab treatment reduced total cholesterol by 48% and LDL cholesterol by 59%.
  • Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increased by 40% after two months of therapy.
  • Improvements in FMD were positively correlated with LDL cholesterol reduction (r=0.69, P=.006).

Conclusions:

  • Two months of evolocumab treatment can improve endothelial function in individuals at high cardiovascular risk.
  • The observed enhancement in endothelial function is directly related to the reduction in LDL cholesterol levels.