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Related Concept Videos

Gallbladder01:17

Gallbladder

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The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation
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Laparoscopic double cholecystectomy for duplicated gallbladder: A case report.

Mohammud G Musleh1, Hugh Burnett2, Balashanmugam Rajashanker2

  • 1Ealing Hospital, UK.

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
|March 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Gallbladder duplication is a rare condition often missed on ultrasounds. This case highlights successful laparoscopic treatment of an H-type anomaly, emphasizing the need for awareness and potential intraoperative cholangiography.

Keywords:
Double gallbladderIntraoperative cholangiographyLaparoscopic cholecystectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Anatomy
  • Gastroenterology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Gallbladder (GB) duplication is a rare congenital anomaly, occurring in approximately 1 in 4000-5000 individuals.
  • This condition frequently goes undetected during preoperative ultrasonography, potentially complicating surgical procedures.
  • The H-type anomaly, characterized by separate cystic ducts draining into the common bile duct, is the most prevalent form.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of symptomatic gallstones in a patient with an H-type gallbladder duplication.
  • To describe the diagnostic process and successful surgical management of this rare anomaly.
  • To underscore the importance of recognizing gallbladder duplication for surgical planning and patient safety.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of a young female patient presenting with symptomatic gallstones.
  • Preoperative diagnosis utilizing CT colonography and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealing H-type gallbladder duplication.
  • Performance of a challenging laparoscopic double cholecystectomy.

Main Results:

  • The patient was diagnosed with Harlaftis's type-II gallbladder anomaly, featuring two gallbladders each with a distinct cystic duct (H-type).
  • A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successfully performed without any intraoperative or postoperative complications.
  • The case demonstrates the feasibility of minimally invasive surgical correction for this anomaly.

Conclusions:

  • Gallbladder duplication encompasses various types, including Type I (partial split), Type II (two separate GBs), and Type III (triple GBs).
  • Anatomical variations like gallbladder duplication increase operative risks, potentially necessitating conversion to open surgery or leading to bile duct injury.
  • Preoperative diagnosis and awareness of gallbladder duplication are crucial; intraoperative cholangiography may be beneficial to prevent missed pathology and repeat surgeries.