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Dietary Patterns and Birth Weight-a Review.

Marte K R Kjøllesdal1, Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen1

  • 1Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

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|March 17, 2018
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Summary

Maternal dietary patterns significantly impact infant birth weight (BW) and risk of being small for gestational age (SGA). Healthy patterns rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy are linked to higher BW, while Western and processed diets increase SGA risk.

Keywords:
dietary habitsdietary patternsfetal life conditioningfood frequency questionnairelow birth weightpregnancysmall for gestational age

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Area of Science:

  • Maternal and child health
  • Nutritional epidemiology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with adverse health outcomes throughout life, including obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
  • LBW signifies fetal response to intrauterine constraints, potentially altering organ development.
  • Dietary patterns, rather than single nutrients, offer a comprehensive view of maternal intake's effect on fetal growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies examining the association between dietary patterns, derived from a posteriori analysis, and birth weight (BW) or small for gestational age (SGA) status.
  • To identify specific dietary patterns linked to positive or negative birth outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A PubMed search was conducted using relevant MeSH terms related to pregnancy, fetal growth, and diet.
  • Seven studies were included, all assessing diet via food frequency questionnaires (FFQ).
  • Dietary patterns were extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, or logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Positive associations with BW were observed for "nutrient dense," "protein rich," "health conscious," and "Mediterranean" dietary patterns.
  • Negative associations with BW and increased risk of SGA were linked to "Western," "processed," "vegetarian," "transitional," and "wheat products" patterns.
  • Common characteristics of beneficial patterns included high intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy; detrimental patterns featured processed meats, sugar, and refined grains.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal dietary patterns significantly influence infant birth weight and the risk of being born small for gestational age.
  • Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy are associated with better birth outcomes.
  • Further research is needed in low- and middle-income countries, and findings should be translated into practical dietary advice for pregnant women.