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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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pH Scale

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

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Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

CRISPR Guide RNA Cloning for Mammalian Systems
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A guide to large-scale RNA sample preparation.

Lorenzo Baronti1, Hampus Karlsson1, Maja Marušič1

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|March 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers the latest RNA production and purification methods for structural biology. It guides researchers in selecting the best techniques for their specific RNA and research questions.

Keywords:
Chemical synthesisIn vitro transcriptionPreparative high-performance liquid chromatographyRNASample preparationStructural biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The discovery of diverse regulatory and enzymatic functions highlights the growing importance of RNA.
  • Current RNA research is rapidly evolving, with many techniques still under development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest methods for producing and purifying various RNA molecules.
  • To provide a guide for selecting appropriate RNA preparation techniques for structural and biophysical studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on RNA production and purification techniques.
  • Focus on methods suitable for large-scale RNA synthesis and high-purity isolation.

Main Results:

  • Compilation of diverse RNA preparation strategies.
  • Highlighting the advantages and suitability of different methods for specific research needs.

Conclusions:

  • Selecting the optimal RNA production and purification method is crucial for advancing RNA structural biology and biophysics.
  • This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers navigating the evolving landscape of RNA sample preparation.