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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.9K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4.7K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
4.7K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

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Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
3.1K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

4.7K
Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
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Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines
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Preparation of electrocatalysts using a thiol-amine solution processing method.

Carrie L McCarthy1, Richard L Brutchey1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. brutchey@usc.edu.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|March 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The alkahest method uses thiol-amine solvents to create precursor inks from bulk materials for depositing functional materials. This approach is cost-effective and efficient for applications like electrocatalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Solution processing offers a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and high-throughput alternative for functional material preparation.
  • A novel method utilizes binary thiol-amine solvent mixtures to dissolve bulk materials into molecular precursor inks.
  • These inks enable the deposition of phase-pure chalcogenide materials for various advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in applying the "alkahest" method for depositing electrocatalytic materials.
  • To highlight the versatility of the alkahest method in synthesizing diverse functional materials.
  • To discuss the potential for optimizing material performance through ink and deposition engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Dissolution of bulk oxides, chalcogenides, or elemental materials using binary thiol-amine solvent mixtures.
  • Formation of molecular precursor inks from dissolved bulk materials.
  • Deposition of phase-pure chalcogenide materials using the prepared inks.

Main Results:

  • The alkahest method has been successfully applied to synthesize a wide array of electrocatalytic materials.
  • Ink formulations derived from a broad range of bulk precursors have yielded numerous functional materials.
  • Engineering of inks and deposition processes can enhance electrocatalyst performance via optimized morphology.

Conclusions:

  • The alkahest method provides a versatile and efficient route for preparing functional materials, particularly electrocatalysts.
  • Further exploration of precursor materials and process optimization holds significant potential for discovering new materials and improving device performance.
  • This solution-processing technique is well-suited for applications in optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and electrocatalysis.