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Isotopes

Isotopes

Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
An element's atomic mass, or weight,...

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...

Range

Range

The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

DNA Stable-Isotope Probing DNA-SIP

DNA Stable-Isotope Probing DNA-SIP

Published on: August 2, 2010

Probing New Long-Range Interactions by Isotope Shift Spectroscopy.

Julian C Berengut¹, Dmitry Budker^2,3,4, Cédric Delaunay⁵

¹School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.

Physical Review Letters

|March 17, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Precision atomic spectroscopy can bound new physics. This study develops a method using isotope shifts to constrain new interactions, potentially detecting new bosons with high sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
High Energy Physics
Nuclear Physics

Background:

Probing new fundamental interactions beyond the Standard Model is a key goal in physics.
Atomic isotope shift spectroscopy offers a precise method to search for subtle effects.
Existing methods have limitations in constraining new long- and intermediate-range forces.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a theoretical framework for interpreting atomic isotope shift data as bounds on new physics.
To apply this formalism to existing experimental data and project future sensitivity.
To search for new physics, specifically conjectured new bosons, via their couplings to electrons and neutrons.

Main Methods:

Utilizing precision atomic isotope shift spectroscopy.
Developing a formalism to interpret linear King plots for new physics bounds.
Focusing on new physics contributions calculable independently of Standard Model nuclear effects.
Applying the method to Ca+ data and projecting sensitivity for Sr and Yb.

Main Results:

Established a method to derive bounds on new physics from isotope shift measurements.
Applied the formalism to Ca+ data, demonstrating its viability.
Projected significant sensitivity improvements with future measurements.

Conclusions:

The developed method provides a robust way to constrain new long- and intermediate-range interactions.
Future high-precision atomic spectroscopy experiments can achieve unprecedented sensitivity to new bosons in the MeV mass range.
This approach complements other searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model.