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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

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The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
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Liquid-vapor rectilinear diameter revisited.

Y Garrabos1,2, C Lecoutre1,2, S Marre1,2

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Summary

Precise measurements of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) near its critical point reveal no deviation from the rectilinear diameter law. This finding challenges theoretical models and clarifies near-critical fluid behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Critical Phenomena

Background:

  • Modern critical phenomena theory predicts deviations from the rectilinear law for liquid-vapor density diameters near critical points.
  • Previous experimental studies have explored these deviations, but with limitations in proximity to criticality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely measure the liquid-vapor meniscus position of SF6 approaching the critical point.
  • To test theoretical predictions regarding the rectilinear diameter law and fluid asymmetry.
  • To investigate the necessity of pressure scaling field contributions in complete scaling theories.

Main Methods:

  • Scannerlike optical measurements of the SF6 liquid-vapor meniscus position.
  • Analysis of meniscus position data from 10K to 1mK from the critical temperature.
  • Comparison of experimental results with recent theoretical models.

Main Results:

  • No detectable deviation from the rectilinear diameter law was observed for SF6.
  • The temperature dependence of the meniscus position aligns with the rectilinear diameter law.
  • The absence of a critical hook in SF6 suggests the pressure scaling field is not required in this context.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental evidence supports the rectilinear diameter law for SF6, contrary to some theoretical expectations.
  • The findings challenge the necessity of pressure scaling field contributions in complete scaling theories for SF6.
  • This study offers a method to resolve experimental ambiguities concerning near-critical density diameter singularities in simple fluids.