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The relation between global palm distribution and climate.

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Fossil palms indicate past tropical conditions, even in cold regions. Their cold tolerance varies, with specific tribes like Trachycarpeae showing higher cold hardiness than the general palm family threshold.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleobotany and Paleoclimatology
  • Plant Taxonomy and Biogeography

Background:

  • Fossil palms (Arecaceae) are key indicators of past subtropical and frost-free climates, even in currently cold regions.
  • Palm freeze intolerance varies by life stage and organ, impacting population establishment and distribution.
  • Previous quantitative data suggested minimum cold month mean temperatures (CMMT) of 2-8°C, creating model-proxy mismatches during Paleogene warming events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess temperature thresholds for the Arecaceae family and its subfamilies/tribes using a large georeferenced fossil record.
  • To refine paleoclimate reconstructions and understand palm biogeographic history, particularly their expansion into temperate biomes.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled and manually filtered a dataset of over 20,000 georeferenced Arecaceae records, excluding cultivars.
  • Statistically derived temperature thresholds (mean annual temperature, mean annual temperature range, CMMT) for different taxonomic ranks within the palm family.
  • Analyzed temperature sensitivity across various palm taxa.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in temperature sensitivity were found across Arecaceae taxonomic ranks.
  • Cold-tolerant tribes, such as Trachycarpeae, exhibit low CMMT thresholds (≥ 2.2°C).
  • A general CMMT threshold of ≥ 5.2°C was established for the palm family, with values below 5°C considered anomalous.

Conclusions:

  • Palm fossil distribution provides crucial quantitative paleoclimate data, refining our understanding of past thermal conditions.
  • Taxonomic classification is vital for accurate paleoclimate interpretation, as cold tolerance varies significantly within the Arecaceae.
  • Palm expansion into temperate biomes likely occurred after the Paleogene period.