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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Rapid Isolation of Human Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Published on: November 14, 2025
Vitamin D and calcium in the human breast milk
Yoon Ju Bae1, Juergen Kratzsch1
1Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List Strasse 13-15, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Abstract:
Vitamin D and calcium in the human milk is essential for the growth and the prevention of rickets in infants. In this review, we will discuss the physiology and the functions of vitamin D and calcium and the mechanisms of vitamin D and calcium transfer into the human breast milk. This review describes the recommended intake of vitamin D and calcium for infants and lactating mothers and the factors influencing the content of vitamin D and calcium in human milk. Furthermore, the measurement of vitamin D compounds and calcium in human breast milk is described in this review.
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