Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Making Patch-pipettes and Sharp Electrodes with a Programmable Puller
Published on: October 8, 2008
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Programmable hydrogels offer on-demand, reversible changes, unlike passive responsive hydrogels. This review covers their principles, functions, and biomedical applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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