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Ethical Issues

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Nurses are essential in patient care, upholding the ethical principles of their profession and effectively navigating ethical dilemmas. Neglecting ethical issues can lead to inadequate patient care, compromised therapeutic relationships, and moral distress among healthcare workers.
Ethical Concerns in Healthcare:
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model
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Nasal polyposis pathophysiology: Endotype and phenotype open issues.

Giuseppe Brescia1, Claudia Zanotti1, Daniela Parrino1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience DNS, Otolaryngology Section, Padova University, Padova, Italy.

American Journal of Otolaryngology
|March 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Understanding chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) endotypes is crucial for personalized treatment. This review analyzes current CRSwNP endotypes and explores potential new ones linked to aggressive disease forms.

Keywords:
Allergic fungal rhinosinusitisAspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseaseChronic rhinosinusitisEndotypesEosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitisNasal polyps

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Classifying chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is challenging due to common clinical features.
  • Phenotyping has proven insufficient for CRSwNP classification.
  • Endotyping, based on pathogenic mechanisms, offers a more precise approach for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze current information on accepted CRSwNP endotypes.
  • To review and comment on clinical conditions potentially representing new CRSwNP endotypes.

Main Methods:

  • A critical analysis of studies on CRSwNP endotyping.
  • Literature search conducted on Pubmed and Scopus databases.
  • Focus on studies published within the last five years.

Main Results:

  • Asthma-related CRSwNP, including allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, are well-understood endotypes.
  • Diseases like eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and cystic fibrosis warrant investigation as potential CRSwNP endotypes due to their known pathophysiological mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • CRSwNP encompasses diverse inflammatory endotypes.
  • These endotypes correlate with distinct clinical manifestations and disease behavior.
  • Understanding CRSwNP endotypes facilitates targeted therapies and personalized follow-up.