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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization on DNA Halo Preparations to Reveal Whole Chromosomes, Telomeres and Gene Loci
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Evolving Linear Chromosomes and Telomeres: A C-Strand-Centric View.

Neal F Lue1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|March 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex plays a crucial role in telomere maintenance and evolution by regulating C-strand DNA synthesis. This complex evolved from RPA and is key to understanding telomere dynamics.

Keywords:
CSTPOT1-TPP1primase-Pol αtelomerasetelomere

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Telomere maintenance is crucial for genomic stability.
  • Existing models of telomere evolution often overlook C-strand synthesis.
  • The regulation of C-strand synthesis is complex and involves multiple protein factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a model for telomere evolution that explicitly includes C-strand synthesis.
  • To highlight the role of the CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex in telomere maintenance and evolution.
  • To elucidate the evolutionary relationship between CST, RPA, and the POT1-TPP1 complex.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data.
  • Development of a theoretical model for telomere evolution.
  • Comparative analysis of protein complex functions.

Main Results:

  • The CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex is identified as a pivotal regulator of C-strand synthesis at telomeres.
  • CST is proposed to have evolved from Replication Protein A (RPA).
  • CST is suggested to be an evolutionary precursor to the POT1-TPP1 complex, a component of shelterin.

Conclusions:

  • The CST complex is central to understanding telomere C-strand synthesis and its evolution.
  • The evolutionary trajectory from RPA to CST to POT1-TPP1 provides a new framework for telomere biology.
  • This model offers insights into how telomere length regulation evolved.