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Sex Differences in Common Sports Injuries
Cindy Y Lin1, Ellen Casey2, Daniel C Herman3
1Husky Stadium Sports Medicine Center, University of Washington Medical Center, 3800 Montlake Blvd NE, Seattle, WA 98195.
PM & R : the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
|March 19, 2018
Summary
Understanding sex differences in sports injuries like bone stress injuries, ACL tears, and concussions is key. Recognizing these variations improves athlete rehabilitation and return-to-play strategies for both males and females.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Orthopedics
- Neurology
Background:
- Common sports injuries include bone stress injuries (BSIs), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, and concussions.
- Sex-specific differences in the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of these injuries are not widely recognized.
- Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing clinical management, prehabilitation, and rehabilitation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and summarize the sex differences in the diagnosis and management of BSIs, ACL injuries, and concussions in athletes.
- To highlight how understanding these differences can improve prehabilitation, rehabilitation, and return-to-play protocols.
Main Methods:
- This study is a narrative review.
- It synthesizes existing literature on sex differences in sports injury diagnosis and management.
Main Results:
- BSIs are more common in female athletes, with risk factors including prior injury, relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S), smaller calf girth, femoral adduction, and higher loading rates.
- Female athletes have a higher risk of ACL injuries in high school and college, associated with increased lateral tibial slope, smaller ACL size, and suboptimal landing mechanics; however, injury rates are similar in professional sports, with males more likely to undergo surgery and return to sport.
- Concussions are more common in female athletes, who are also more likely to report them; male athletes sustain concussions more often from player contact, while females sustain them more from equipment contact, and females may experience prolonged post-concussion symptoms.
Conclusions:
- Sex-specific differences exist in the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of common sports injuries.
- Awareness of these differences is essential for tailoring prehabilitation and rehabilitation programs.
- Optimizing sports injury management requires consideration of sex-specific factors for improved athlete care and return to play.
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