Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

What is the Immune System?

What is the Immune System?

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

TRIM21 induces selective autophagy of viruses and bacteria.

Molecular cell·2026

Same author

Mechanistic insights into lenacapavir-induced off-pathway HIV-1 capsid assembly.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

Vaccine-induced antibodies can limit <i>Salmonella</i> infection in the absence of complement or macrophages.

mBio·2026

Same author

Rapidly acquired HIV-1 neutralization breadth in a rhesus V2 apex knockin mouse model after a single bolus immunization.

Science immunology·2026

Same author

The host protein cyclophilin A restricts nuclear entry of HIV-1 mutants by reducing the elasticity of the viral capsid.

PLoS pathogens·2026

Same author

FIP200 regulates plasma B cell differentiation via mitochondrial and heme homeostasis.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Intracellular Antiviral Immunity.

Maria Bottermann¹, Leo C James¹

¹MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Advances in Virus Research

|March 20, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Innate immunity, once seen as weak, is now understood to have powerful antiviral defenses. Research highlights pattern recognition receptors, like the TRIM family, and their synergistic roles with adaptive immunity.

Keywords:

Innate immunity PAMPs PRRs Signaling TRIMs

More Related Videos

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Published on: October 11, 2013

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Published on: October 11, 2013

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Innate immunity traditionally acts as the initial defense against pathogens.
It was considered a less potent mechanism, supporting adaptive immunity.
Recent discoveries reveal potent effector proteins and complex roles for innate immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of innate pattern recognition receptors in antiviral defense.
To focus on the TRIM (Tripartite Motif) family of proteins.
To discuss their signaling pathways and mechanisms, particularly TRIM21.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on innate immunity and antiviral defense.
Focus on pattern recognition receptors, specifically the TRIM family.
Analysis of signaling pathways and effector functions.

Main Results:

Innate immunity possesses powerful antiviral defense mechanisms.
The TRIM family plays a significant role in innate antiviral responses.
TRIM21 acts as an intracellular antibody receptor, highlighting functional overlap between innate and adaptive immunity.

Conclusions:

Innate immunity is a robust and active defense system, not merely a precursor to adaptive immunity.
Pattern recognition receptors, including TRIM proteins, are crucial for recognizing and combating viral infections.
The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is synergistic, challenging traditional distinctions.