Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.3K

Reemergence of Intravenous Drug Use as Risk Factor for Candidemia, Massachusetts, USA

Nongnooch Poowanawittayakom, Anamika Dutta, Shannon Stock

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |March 20, 2018
    PubMed

    The epidemic of illicit intravenous drug use (IVDU) in the United States has been accompanied by a surge in drug overdose deaths and infectious sequelae. Candida albicans infections were associated with injection of contaminated impure brown heroin in the 1970s-1990s; however, candidiasis accompanying IVDU became considerably rarer as the purity of the heroin supply increased. We reviewed cases of candidemia occurring over a recent 7-year period in persons >14 years of age at a tertiary care hospital in central Massachusetts. Of the 198 patients with candidemia, 24 cases occurred in patients with a history of IVDU. Compared with non-IVDU patients, those with a history of IVDU were more likely to have non-albicans Candida, be co-infected with hepatitis C, and have end-organ involvement, including endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Thus, IVDU appears to be reemerging as a risk factor for invasive candidiasis.

    Keywords:
    Candida albicansMassachusettsUnited Statescandidemiacandidiasisendocarditisfungal infectionsfungiheroinintravenous substance abuse

    More Related Videos

    Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice05:17

    Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

    Published on: November 11, 2014

    61.5K
    In Vitro Rearing of Solitary Bees: A Tool for Assessing Larval Risk Factors08:50

    In Vitro Rearing of Solitary Bees: A Tool for Assessing Larval Risk Factors

    Published on: July 16, 2018

    8.7K

    Related Concept Videos

    Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

    Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

    Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
    1
    Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

    Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

    The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
    The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
    13.8K
    Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors01:18

    Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors

    Drug binding to proteins is a complex phenomenon influenced by various drug-related factors, each playing a significant role in the interaction between drugs and proteins within the body.
    One crucial factor in drug-protein binding is the drug's lipophilicity or its affinity for fat. More lipophilic drugs tend to have higher binding extents. For example, highly lipophilic drugs like cloxacillin exhibit substantial protein binding, with as much as 95% of the drug binding to proteins. In...
    492
    Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Miscellaneous Factors01:19

    Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Miscellaneous Factors

    Drug distribution in the human body is a complex process influenced by various individual factors, including age, pregnancy, obesity, diet, body water composition, pH levels, and specific disease conditions.
    Age plays a significant role due to differences in body composition among different age groups. Infants, for instance, have a higher proportion of total body water and lower albumin levels, a protein that binds drugs in the bloodstream. This unique composition in infants enhances the...
    1.0K
    Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Patient-Related Factors01:29

    Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Patient-Related Factors

    Protein-drug binding, a pivotal aspect of pharmacokinetics, is subject to considerable variability influenced by an array of patient-related factors. The intricate interplay of age, individual differences, and pathological conditions significantly impact the binding dynamics and subsequent pharmacological effects.
    Age stands as a key determinant in protein-drug binding. Neonates, characterized by low albumin content, experience heightened concentrations of unbound drugs such as phenytoin and...
    338
    Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Protein-Related Factors01:20

    Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Protein-Related Factors

    Drug binding to proteins is a key aspect of pharmacokinetics and can influence a drug's distribution, absorption, and elimination in the body. Several factors, including the drug's physiochemical properties, protein concentration, disease states, and the number of binding sites on the protein, influence this process.
    The physicochemical properties of a drug play a significant role in its ability to bind to proteins. Lipophilic drugs, which dissolve in fats, oils, and lipids, can be...
    579