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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
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Sinus Node Arrhythmias
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Bilateral pyriform sinus parathyroid adenomas.

Thomas Muelleman1, Sreeya Yalamanchali, Yelizaveta Shnayder

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160. tmuelleman3@kumc.edu.

Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
|March 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study reports the first case of bilateral parathyroid adenomas found in the pyriform sinuses. Surgical removal of these rare neck masses relieved the patient's dysphagia.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Embryology

Background:

  • Parathyroid glands exhibit variable descent during embryogenesis, leading to ectopic locations from the mandible to the mediastinum.
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism, often associated with renal failure, necessitates careful management of parathyroid gland function.

Observation:

  • A middle-aged woman with renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism presented with dysphagia.
  • Endoscopic examination revealed bilateral masses within the pyriform sinuses.

Findings:

  • Direct laryngoscopy and subsequent surgical excision confirmed the masses as bilateral parathyroid adenomas.
  • This represents the first documented instance of parathyroid adenomas located bilaterally in the pyriform sinuses.

Implications:

  • Parathyroid adenomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypopharyngeal masses, including bilateral presentations.
  • Surgical intervention for ectopic parathyroid adenomas can alleviate associated symptoms like dysphagia.
  • This case expands the known anatomical spectrum of ectopic parathyroid tissue and its clinical manifestations.