Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Flavonoid Content During the Growth and Floral Development of Calendula officinalis L.
Published on: June 27, 2025
Anti-nociceptive mechanisms of flavonoids-rich methanolic extract from Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
Mohammed Safwan Ali Khan1, Nishat Ahmed2, Misbah3
1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Anwarul Uloom College of Pharmacy Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.
Abstract:
In view of the report on anti-nociceptive activity of Leathery Murdah, Terminalia coriacea {Roxb.} Wight & Arn. (Combretaceae) leaves, the present study was conducted to isolate the active constituents and identify the underlying mechanisms. The methanolic extract of T. coriacea leaves (TCLME) at doses 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg orally, was subjected to various in-vivo assays in acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced paw-licking tests with aspirin (100 mg/kg) and morphine (5 mg/kg) as reference drugs. Three flavonoids, rutin, robinin and gossypetin 3-glucuronide 8-glucoside were isolated and characterized from TCLME for the first time. The extract showed significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity in glutamate induced paw licking in mice. The involvement of opioid pathway was confirmed as naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p) treatment blocked the analgesic activity of the test extract. Similarly, glibenclamide (an ATP - sensitive potassium channel inhibitor) at dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p increased writhing in acetic acid model. It reversed the inhibitory effects of TCLME when administered in combination. Treatment of TCLME alone and in combination with l-arginine (100 mg/kg, i.p) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced writhing while pre-treatment with l-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.p) further enhanced the analgesic action of TCLME indicating involvement of nitric oxide pathway.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Nociception
Leaving Groups
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.
In a...
Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism
The mechanism starts with chain initiation, which involves two steps. In the first chain initiation step, a weak peroxide bond is homolytically cleaved upon mild heating to form two alkoxy radicals. In the second initiation step, a hydrogen atom is abstracted by the alkoxy...
Basic Plant Anatomy: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Reaction Mechanisms
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
Mechanical Protein Functions

