Novel Biomarkers to Detect Target Organ Damage in Acute Hypertension

Early lowering of blood pressure is advised for patients with severe hypertension associated with signs of impending or progressive organ damage, whereas aggressive treatment is not recommended in patients with asymptomatic severe hypertension. As treatment goals for asymptomatic hypertension and true hypertensive emergency drastically differ, it is essential to identify patients with evidence of impending or progressive organ damage. Biomarkers may assist providers in identifying high-risk patients who would benefit from early blood pressure reduction.

In this review, we discuss both currently available and investigational biomarkers that may help identify patients who might benefit from more aggressive therapy. We focus on serum and urinary biomarkers associated with acute cardiovascular, renal, and cerebrovascular damage. There is a dearth of literature regarding the use of biomarkers to assess acute hypertension-related target organ damage. We are primarily forced to draw conclusions on the use of biomarkers from studies of related conditions such as acute heart failure. Further research is needed on the clinical significance of abnormal levels of novel biomarkers of renal, cardiac, and cerebral dysfunction in the setting of severe hypertension, particularly in those patients without overt clinical signs of organ failure.