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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Rab Cascades01:25

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Cascaded Op Amps01:16

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Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
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Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats
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Imaging the myocardial ischemic cascade.

Arthur E Stillman1, Matthijs Oudkerk2, David A Bluemke3

  • 1Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. aestill@emory.edu.

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
|March 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-invasive imaging is crucial for diagnosing and managing ischemic heart disease across its spectrum. Advanced imaging techniques like coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) are vital for risk assessment and guiding treatment decisions.

Keywords:
Cardiac imagingCoronary artery diseaseIschemic heart disease

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Ischemic Heart Disease Diagnosis

Background:

  • Non-invasive imaging is increasingly vital for ischemic heart disease (IHD) management.
  • Expert consensus from North American and European societies guides imaging's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of non-invasive imaging in IHD.
  • To organize imaging's role within the myocardial ischemic cascade.
  • To assess imaging's utility in surgical planning and cost-effectiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current non-invasive imaging modalities for IHD.
  • Framework organization based on the myocardial ischemic cascade.
  • Consideration of cost-effectiveness and surgical planning applications.

Main Results:

  • Coronary artery calcium scoring assesses preclinical disease and risk.
  • Echocardiography, CCTA, SPECT, PET, and CMR are useful for symptomatic patients.
  • CCTA serves as a cost-effective gatekeeper; CMR and PET are preferred post-infarction.

Conclusions:

  • Non-invasive imaging is integral to IHD diagnosis and management.
  • Imaging guides surgical planning for procedures like coronary artery bypass.
  • Strategic use of imaging offers cost-effective patient care.