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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection
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Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma.

Michael T Tetzlaff1,2, Priyadharsini Nagarajan3

  • 1Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 85, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. mtetzlaff@mdanderson.org.

Head and Neck Pathology
|March 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive skin cancer, is increasingly diagnosed. Understanding its causes, like Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) or UV mutations, and immune factors aids diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Merkel cell carcinomaMerkel cell polyoma virusPathogenesisPrognostic factorsStaging

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer with rising incidence.
  • Key risk factors include advanced age, fair skin, chronic sun exposure, and immune suppression.
  • Diagnosis relies on morphology and immunohistochemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis, staging, and emerging biomarkers for Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • To highlight the role of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and UV-induced mutations in MCC pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the significance of the tumor immune microenvironment in treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including immunohistochemistry.
  • Examination of staging systems (AJCC 8th Edition) and biomarker research.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities, particularly immune checkpoint blockade.

Main Results:

  • MCC pathogenesis involves either Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in 70-80% of cases or UV-induced mutations in MCPyV-negative cases.
  • Staging incorporates primary tumor characteristics, lymph node status, and distant metastases.
  • Host immune infiltrate is a critical factor, enabling effective immune checkpoint blockade therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and staging are crucial for Merkel cell carcinoma management.
  • Understanding MCC etiology (MCPyV or UV damage) informs therapeutic approaches.
  • The immune microenvironment is a key target for advanced MCC treatment, with immune checkpoint inhibitors showing efficacy.