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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
Published on: July 30, 2017
Iridium-catalyzed Synthesis of Saturated N-Heterocycles from Aldehydes and SnAP Reagents with Continuous Flow
Chalupat Jindakun1, Sheng-Ying Hsieh1, Jeffrey W Bode1
1Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland.
Abstract:
Commercially available tin amine protocol (SnAP) reagents provide a simple approach to the synthesis of a wide variety of saturated N-heterocycles from aldehydes. In this report, we disclose that the copper(II) promoter and hexafluoroisopropanol can be replaced by photocatalytic conditions using Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbbpy)PF6 in CH3CN. Continuous flow photochemical conditions provide a clean, scalable approach to valuable products including morpholines, piperazines, thiomorpholines, diazepanes, and oxazepanes from aldehyde starting materials.
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