Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

4.4K
The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
4.4K
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

6.7K
The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
6.7K
Second-Order Circuits01:17

Second-Order Circuits

3.6K
Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
Input signals typically originate from voltage or current sources, with the output often representing voltage across the capacitor and/or current through the inductor. For example, in...
3.6K
Speed of Sound in Gases01:08

Speed of Sound in Gases

4.1K
The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. Hence, sound waves travel slowly through gases. Thermodynamics helps us understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases, thus, the speed of sound in an ideal gas can be determined using the laws of thermodynamics. At the same time, Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation of fluid dynamics also come...
4.1K
Speed of a Transverse Wave01:13

Speed of a Transverse Wave

4.0K
The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The speed of the waves on the strings and the wavelength determine the frequency of the sound produced. The strings on a guitar have different thicknesses but may be made of similar material. They have different linear densities, and the linear density is defined as the mass per length.
One of the key properties of any wave is the wave speed. Light...
4.0K
Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

5.6K
The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

ActIIR inhibition improves motor outcome and preserves muscle fibers after experimental autoimmune neuritis.

Acta neuropathologica communications·2026
Same author

A neural geometry for forelimb proprioception in the cervical spinal cord.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Thalamic CGRP neurons define a spinothalamic pathway for affective pain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

The spinal premotor network driving scratching flexor and extensor alternation.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

Sensory Feedback and the Dynamic Control of Movement.

Annual review of neuroscience·2025
Same author

The endocytic adaptor AP-2 maintains Purkinje cell function by balancing cerebellar parallel and climbing fiber synapses.

Cell reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans
10:35

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: April 9, 2015

9.1K

Locomotion Control: Brainstem Circuits Satisfy the Need for Speed.

Graziana Gatto1, Martyn Goulding1

  • 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|March 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers mapped neural circuits controlling movement. These studies identified specific neurons responsible for rapid motor responses and exploratory behaviors in locomotion.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice
06:32

Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice

Published on: March 23, 2019

12.3K
Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices
11:16

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices

Published on: March 21, 2011

11.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans
10:35

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: April 9, 2015

9.1K
Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice
06:32

Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice

Published on: March 23, 2019

12.3K
Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices
11:16

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices

Published on: March 21, 2011

11.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Locomotion is a complex behavior requiring precise neural control.
  • Understanding the brain circuits that govern movement is a fundamental challenge in neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the neural architecture of descending locomotor control circuits.
  • To identify distinct neuronal populations involved in different aspects of locomotion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized complementary experimental approaches across three studies.
  • Investigated neuronal function and connectivity within motor control pathways.

Main Results:

  • Defined the circuit architecture for descending control of locomotion.
  • Identified specific neurons driving fast motor responses.
  • Identified neurons specialized for exploratory behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • The studies provide a comprehensive map of motor control circuits.
  • Distinct neuronal populations underlie different motor behaviors.
  • Advances our understanding of how the brain generates complex movements.