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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

8.4K
In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

Review and Preview

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Thermal Imaging to Study Stress Non-invasively in Unrestrained Birds
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Parthenogenesis in birds: a review.

R Ramachandran1, C D McDaniel2

  • 1Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, USA.

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|March 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Parthenogenesis, or virgin birth, is rare in birds and often abortive. Understanding its mechanisms could improve poultry production by addressing negative impacts on reproduction.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Avian Science
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Parthenogenesis, embryonic development without fertilization, is common in invertebrates but largely abortive in vertebrates like birds.
  • Factors such as delayed development and unfavorable egg conditions limit parthenogenetic embryo survival in birds.
  • Avian parthenogenesis, typically automictic and facultative, produces only males, and its control mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of parthenogenesis in birds.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms controlling parthenogenesis in avian species.
  • To explore the implications of parthenogenesis for commercial poultry production.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on avian parthenogenesis.

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  • Analysis of factors influencing parthenogenetic development in bird eggs.
  • Examination of the impact of parthenogenesis on avian reproductive performance.

    • Main Results:

    • Parthenogenesis in birds is characterized by delayed and disorganized development, leading to embryo termination.
    • Mechanisms controlling avian parthenogenesis are not fully understood and may interfere with normal fertilization.
    • Parthenogenesis can negatively affect reproductive performance in quail and turkey hens, potentially triggered by genetic or environmental factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding parthenogenesis in birds is crucial for mitigating its negative effects on the poultry industry.
    • Further research into the control mechanisms of avian parthenogenesis could lead to advancements in commercial poultry production.
    • Elucidating these mechanisms may also offer insights into improving fertilization and embryonic development in poultry.