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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry
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Entropy driven chain effects on ligation chemistry.

Kai Pahnke1,2, Josef Brandt3,4, Ganna Gryn'ova5

  • 1Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany .

Chemical Science
|March 22, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entropic chain effects significantly influence modular ligation chemistry, like Diels-Alder reactions. Chain properties such as mass, length, and stiffness impact reaction equilibrium and debonding degrees in polymer systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Modular ligation chemistry, including dynamic Diels-Alder (DA) reactions, is crucial for materials applications.
  • Transferring these reactions from small molecules to larger or entropically different systems presents challenges.
  • Entropic chain effects, related to molecular physical and steric properties, can significantly impact reaction equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fundamental entropic chain effects on modular ligation chemistry.
  • To understand how molecular properties influence the equilibrium of reversible ligation reactions.
  • To explore the impact of entropic effects when scaling reactions from small molecules to polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-temperature (HT) NMR spectroscopy to examine Diels-Alder (DA) equilibrium.
  • Employed temperature-dependent size exclusion chromatography (TD-SEC) to measure polymer debonding.
  • Performed quantum chemical calculations to predict, reproduce, and interpret results.

Main Results:

  • Found that chain mass, length, and stiffness significantly impact the degree of debonding (%debond) in DA reactions.
  • Observed up to a 30% difference in debonding for different lengths of the same polymer type.
  • Noted nearly a 20% difference in bonding for isomeric poly(butyl acrylates), highlighting the role of chain stiffness.

Conclusions:

  • Entropic chain effects are critical for tuning modular ligation chemistry in materials.
  • Molecular physical and steric properties, including chain stiffness and length, substantially affect reaction equilibrium.
  • Understanding these entropic principles is key for successful application of reversible chemistries in diverse polymer systems.