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NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

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In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is...
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NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds01:14

NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

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Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded to the aromatic rings are strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current. Therefore, they absorb in the range of 6.5–8.0 ppm in proton NMR spectra. For instance, aromatic hydrogens directly bonded to the benzene ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. However, aromatic hydrogens of larger rings absorb farther upfield or downfield than the ideal range.
6.4K
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:34

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

11.3K
Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
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Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

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Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
3.5K
NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

3.4K
The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.3K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Compact, hydrophilic, lanthanide-binding tags for paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy.

M D Lee1, C-T Loh2, J Shin1

  • 1Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . Email: bim.graham@monash.edu ;

Chemical Science
|March 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Four new lanthanide-binding tags were developed for paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy. Tags C7 and C8, with short linkers, significantly enhanced pseudocontact shifts (PCS) in protein studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy is crucial for determining protein structures.
  • Lanthanide-binding tags are essential tools for inducing pseudocontact shifts (PCS) in NMR.
  • Existing tags have limitations in size, hydrophobicity, and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, synthesize, and evaluate novel lanthanide-binding tags for enhanced NMR studies.
  • To develop tags with minimized size and hydrophobicity for improved protein conjugation.
  • To assess the efficiency of new tags in inducing PCS for structural analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of four novel lanthanide-binding tags based on a chiral alcohol-scaffold.
  • Conjugation of tags to proteins via a single cysteine residue using variable linkers.
  • Evaluation of tag performance using ubiquitin, GB1, and HPPK protein mutants.

Main Results:

  • Two novel enantiomeric tags, C7 and C8, demonstrated significantly larger Δχ-tensors compared to the C1 tag.
  • The enhanced performance of C7 and C8 is attributed to their extremely short linkers, reducing lanthanide ion mobility.
  • Successful demonstration of PCS induction by C7 and C8 on various protein mutants.

Conclusions:

  • The developed lanthanide-binding tags, particularly C7 and C8, represent a significant advancement in paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy.
  • The design incorporating short linkers effectively enhances the magnitude of induced PCS.
  • These tags offer improved capabilities for structural determination of biomolecules using NMR.