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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

Hippocampal Theta-Gamma Coupling Reflects State-Dependent Information Processing in Decision Making.

Seiichiro Amemiya¹, A David Redish¹

¹Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

|March 22, 2018

Summary

Hippocampal theta-gamma oscillations encode present and future plans during decision-making. Changes in low gamma (LG) and high gamma (HG) power ratios within theta cycles reveal neural states for future representations.

Keywords:

decision making gamma hippocampus local field potential noradrenaline norepinephrine place cell theta vicarious trial and error

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Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

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Published on: August 2, 2017

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

Published on: March 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Hippocampal activity is crucial for decision-making, encoding information about the present and future.
The neural mechanisms distinguishing between present and future representations remain unclear.
Gamma oscillations at distinct frequencies (low gamma [LG], high gamma [HG]) are linked to different neural circuit inputs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how different gamma oscillation frequencies (LG, HG) relate to neural representations of present versus future plans.
To explore the role of noradrenergic system in modulating these neural states.

Main Methods:

Utilized a unique noradrenergic manipulation with clonidine to alter neural representations and gamma states.
Analyzed theta cycle asymmetries, focusing on the ratio and phases of LG and HG power.
Correlated changes in gamma oscillations with shifts in present and future representations.

Main Results:

Future representations were found to depend on specific gamma oscillation components.
Changes in the ratio of LG and HG power, along with their underlying phases within theta cycles, created theta cycle asymmetries.
These theta cycle asymmetries directly reflected shifts between present and future representations on a cycle-by-cycle basis.

Conclusions:

Theta cycle asymmetry, driven by LG/HG power and phase dynamics, is a key mechanism for distinguishing present from future representations in the hippocampus.
Noradrenergic modulation influences these gamma-theta interactions, impacting decision-making processes.