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DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter?
The chromatin
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Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Array CGH for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Array CGH for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants

Published on: February 21, 2015

HyDe: A Python Package for Genome-Scale Hybridization Detection.

Paul D Blischak¹, Julia Chifman², Andrea D Wolfe¹

¹Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Systematic Biology

|March 22, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers can now detect hybridization and gene flow using HyDe, a new Python package. HyDe (Hybrid Detection) utilizes phylogenetic invariants for accurate analysis of closely related species.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary Biology
Genomics
Phylogenetics

Background:

Detecting hybridization and gene flow is crucial for understanding speciation and phylogeography.
Existing methods often rely on comparing observed genomic data to null models.
Phylogenetic invariants offer a theoretical framework for hybridization detection.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce HyDe, a novel software package for detecting hybridization.
Enable researchers to identify hybridization using phylogenetic invariants under the coalescent model.
Provide a tool for distinguishing between hybrid speciation and ongoing gene flow.

Main Methods:

Developed HyDe, a Python-based software package.
Utilized phylogenetic invariants derived from coalescent models with hybridization.
Applied HyDe to simulated and empirical genomic datasets.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated HyDe's capability in detecting hybridization.
Showcased HyDe's effectiveness in identifying individual hybrids within populations.
Differentiated between hybrid speciation and gene flow using the software.

Conclusions:

HyDe provides a robust computational tool for analyzing hybridization.
The software facilitates a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes in closely related taxa.
HyDe is available as an open-source package for widespread use.