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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
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Skeletal Metastasis-an Epidemiological Study.

Balaji Zacharia1, Dhiyaneswaran Subramaniam1, Jerin Joy2

  • 11Department of Orthopedics, Government Medical College, Kakkathottam (H), Chevayoor (PO), Kozhikode, Kerala 673017 India.

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology
|March 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals skeletal metastasis commonly affects males in their fifth decade, often with undetected primary cancers. The spine is the most frequent site, with lung cancer being the commonest primary source.

Keywords:
Bone metastasisEpidemiologySkeletal metastasis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Orthopedics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Skeletal metastasis is a significant complication of cancer, with breast, lung, prostate, kidney, and thyroid cancers being common primary sources.
  • The Indian subcontinent lacks comprehensive epidemiological data on skeletal metastasis, including age, sex, presentation, and primary sites.
  • This study addresses this gap by presenting the first epidemiological analysis of skeletal metastasis from the Indian subcontinent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct the first epidemiological study of skeletal metastasis in the Indian subcontinent.
  • To evaluate age distribution, sex prevalence, clinical presentation, common primary sites, and diagnostic methods for skeletal metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective descriptive study was conducted from 2007 to 2009.
  • One hundred eleven patients aged over 30 years with skeletal metastasis were included.
  • Clinical examination, investigations, radiography, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), and Core Needle Biopsy (CNB) were utilized.

Main Results:

  • Skeletal metastasis predominantly occurs in the fifth decade of life, with a slight male predominance.
  • In most cases, the primary malignancy site was unknown at presentation.
  • Pain was the most common presenting symptom, the spine was the most affected site, and lung cancer was the most common primary metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Skeletal metastasis is a significant clinical issue in the Indian subcontinent, frequently presenting in the fifth decade with spinal involvement.
  • Early detection and diagnosis, often initiated by radiography and confirmed by minimally invasive techniques, are crucial.
  • Further research is needed to understand the specific epidemiological patterns and improve management strategies in this region.