Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 13, 2026
Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes
Published on: March 19, 2012
Subtyping of polyposis nasi: phenotypes, endotypes and comorbidities
Michael Koennecke1, Ludger Klimek2, Joaquim Mullol3
11Lübeck Campus, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
Background:
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous, multifactorial inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal mucosa. It has not been possible to date to develop an internationally standardized, uniform classification for this disorder. A phenotype classification according to CRS with (CRSwNP) and without polyposis (CRSsNP) is usually made. However, a large number of studies have shown that there are also different endotypes of CRS within these phenotypes, with different pathophysiologies of chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa. This review describes the central immunological processes in nasal polyps, as well as the impact of related diseases on the inflammatory profile of nasal polyps.
Materials And Methods:
The current knowledge on the immunological and molecular processes of CRS, in particular CRSwNP and its classification into specific endotypes, was put together by means of a structured literature search in Medline, PubMed, the national and international guideline registers, and the Cochrane Library.
Results:
Based on the current literature, the different immunological processes in CRS and nasal polyps were elaborated and a graphical representation in the form of an immunological network developed. In addition, different inflammatory profiles can be found in CRSwNP depending on related diseases, such as bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), or NASID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (N‑ERD).
Conclusion:
The identification of different endotypes of CRSwNP may help to improve diagnostics and develop novel individual treatment approaches in CRSwNP.
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