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Researchers explored urea co-crystals to improve fertilizer properties. New co-crystals were synthesized, reducing solubility and hygroscopicity for better handling and storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Urea is a widely used fertilizer but suffers from high hygroscopicity and solubility, causing handling and storage issues.
  • Developing stable solid forms of urea is crucial for improving its application as a fertilizer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the solid-form landscape of urea.
  • To develop optimal protocols for synthesizing urea co-crystals.
  • To reduce the solubility and hygroscopicity of urea for improved fertilizer applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized full interaction maps (FIMs) to predict and guide co-crystal formation.
  • Leveraged crystallographic data from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).
  • Synthesized and characterized new urea co-crystals.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized 49 new urea co-crystals out of 60 attempts.
  • Determined and presented the crystal structures of four novel co-crystals.
  • Achieved significant reduction in solubility and hygroscopicity of urea.

Conclusions:

  • The developed co-crystallization protocols are effective for urea.
  • New urea co-crystals offer reduced solubility and hygroscopicity.
  • These findings present new opportunities for urea as a slow-release fertilizer with enhanced transport, handling, and storage properties.