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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

134.5K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

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The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

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Overview of Valence Bond Theory
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Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Covalent Bonds01:29

Covalent Bonds

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Overview
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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
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Hydrogen Bond Dynamics of Cellulose through Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy.

C Araujo1, C S R Freire1, M M Nolasco1

  • 1CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.

Biomacromolecules
|March 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) reveals how hydrogen bonds in cellulose change with hydration. This method accurately identifies cellulose allomorphs and water binding sites, aiding material characterization.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Cellulose's hydrogen bond network is crucial for its properties.
  • Understanding cellulose allomorphs (Iα and Iβ) and hydration effects is key for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assign vibrational modes in cellulose using inelastic neutron scattering (INS).
  • To investigate hydrogen bond dynamics and water interactions in cellulose.
  • To differentiate cellulose allomorphs (Iα and Iβ) and assess crystallinity.

Main Methods:

  • Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments.
  • Periodic CASTEP calculations for spectral estimation.
  • Analysis of cellulose samples from various sources (bacterial, kraft pulp).

Main Results:

  • INS spectra accurately matched calculated spectra, enabling band assignment.
  • Characteristic INS bands identified allomorph prevalence (Iα vs. Iβ) via C2-OH torsions.
  • High crystallinity confirmed by cooperative CH bending modes.
  • Water molecules preferentially bind to the hydroxymethyl group.
  • Ice microcrystal formation disrupts hydrogen bonds, causing spectral shifts.

Conclusions:

  • INS spectroscopy provides a reliable method for cellulose characterization.
  • The study establishes a basis for using INS to analyze functionalized cellulose and composites.
  • Detailed insights into cellulose hydration and allomorph identification were achieved.