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Related Concept Videos

Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering. It deals with designing, analyzing, and manufacturing machines and mechanical systems. To ensure precise and accurate calculations, units of measurement are used. They provide a standard system for expressing and comparing physical quantities.
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The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is based on a set of three base units considered absolute, and their values do not change with location. These base units are meters, kilograms, and seconds.
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Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

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A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
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Tuberculosis - United States, 2017.

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Tuberculosis (TB) incidence decreased slightly in the US in 2017. Non-U.S.-born individuals had significantly higher TB rates than U.S.-born individuals, highlighting the need for targeted prevention efforts.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Surveillance

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern globally and in the United States.
  • Understanding current trends and demographic disparities in TB cases is crucial for effective control strategies.
  • Previous research indicates that reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI) is a primary driver of TB cases in the US.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize provisional tuberculosis surveillance data for the United States in 2017.
  • To analyze trends in TB incidence and identify disparities among different demographic groups.
  • To inform ongoing efforts toward TB elimination in the US.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of provisional data reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System for 2017.
  • Calculation of TB incidence rates per 100,000 population.
  • Comparison of TB rates between U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born populations, and across racial/ethnic groups.

Main Results:

  • In 2017, 9,093 new TB cases were reported, with an incidence rate of 2.8 per 100,000 population.
  • TB case counts and rates declined by 1.8% and 2.5% respectively from 2016 to 2017.
  • TB rates were 15 times higher in non-U.S.-born individuals compared to U.S.-born individuals, with notable disparities among Asian and Black populations.

Conclusions:

  • Continued surveillance and reporting are essential for monitoring TB trends in the United States.
  • Targeted testing and treatment for high-risk populations, including non-U.S.-born individuals and those in congregate settings, are critical for TB elimination efforts.
  • Addressing disparities in TB rates is vital for achieving national TB control goals.