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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes
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Structural centrosome aberrations promote non-cell-autonomous invasiveness.

Olivier Ganier1, Dominik Schnerch1, Philipp Oertle1,2

  • 1Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

The EMBO Journal
|March 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Structural centrosome aberrations in animal cells can cause cells to bud from epithelia during mitosis. This novel mechanism involves increased cell stiffness and weakened cell junctions, promoting dissemination.

Keywords:
biomechanical propertiesinvasivenessmulticellular cooperationnon‐cell‐autonomous processstructural centrosome aberrations

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Centrosomes are key microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells.
  • Centrosome aberrations are frequent in tumors, but their functional impact is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of structural centrosome aberrations on cell behavior in epithelial spheres.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which centrosome aberrations influence cell dissemination.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of centrosome aberrations via deregulated ninein-like protein (NLP) expression.
  • Culturing epithelial spheres in Matrigel matrices.
  • Microscopy and atomic force microscopy to analyze cell morphology, mitosis, and mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • NLP-induced centrosome aberrations trigger "budding" of mitotic cells from epithelia.
  • Aberrant cells exhibit stabilized microtubules and weakened E-cadherin junctions during mitosis.
  • Cells with centrosome aberrations show increased stiffness, facilitating their expulsion from epithelia.

Conclusions:

  • Centrosome aberrations can drive cell dissemination through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism.
  • This process involves cytoskeletal re-organization and altered cell mechanics.
  • Centrosome aberrations may contribute to the spread of metastatic cells, even those with normal centrosomes.