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The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Tension01:10

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Tension is a force along the length of a medium, in particular, a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable. The word "tension" comes from Latin, meaning "to stretch". Not coincidentally, the flexible cords that carry muscle forces to other parts of the body are called tendons. Any flexible connector, such as a string, rope, chain, wire, or cable, can exert pull only parallel to its length; so, a force carried by a flexible connector is a tension with a...
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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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Micromechanical Tension Testing of Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Specimens
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Surface tension-assisted additive manufacturing.

Héloïse Ragelle1,2, Mark W Tibbitt1,3, Shang-Yun Wu1

  • 1The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.

Nature Communications
|March 24, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new 3D printing method for creating complex, cell-laden hydrogel structures. The technique ensures scaffold integrity and high cell viability for advanced biomaterials.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • 3D printing enables complex structure fabrication.
  • Integrating cell-laden hydrogels into 3D printing is challenging.
  • Need for methods to create multicomponent biomaterials with controlled properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a facile and versatile method for fabricating multicomponent (bio)materials using 3D printing.
  • To integrate polymer networks, including hydrogels, with 3D-printed mechanical supports.
  • To engineer scaffolds with anisotropic mechanical properties for biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting surface tension to coat fenestrated surfaces with liquid films, transforming them into solid films.
  • Utilizing a physical model to determine operating parameters for precise fabrication.
  • Tailoring window geometry to engineer scaffolds with specific mechanical characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of complex geometric structures with integrated polymer networks and hydrogels.
  • Engineered scaffolds exhibited anisotropic mechanical properties, allowing longitudinal compression without hydrogel damage.
  • Demonstrated high cell density encapsulation and co-culture with maintained cell viability (>95%) for 28 days.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers a general approach for creating biocompatible, macroscale devices.
  • The technique allows for structural integrity and tunable anisotropic mechanical properties.
  • This versatile method advances the fabrication of complex cell-laden constructs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.