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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
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Chronic softening spinal cord stimulation arrays.

Aldo Garcia-Sandoval1, Ajay Pal2, Asht M Mishra2,3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|March 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a durable, stable cervical spinal cord stimulator for rats using shape memory polymers. This new device minimizes tissue perturbation and shows promise for future human applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Developing effective spinal cord stimulators (SCS) is crucial for treating neurological disorders.
  • Existing SCS devices can cause tissue damage and instability.
  • A need exists for biocompatible and durable SCS systems for research and clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a durable and stable cervical spinal cord stimulator for rats.
  • To develop a device that minimizes perturbation of the spinal cord.
  • To evaluate the performance and biocompatibility of a novel SCS array.

Main Methods:

  • Fabricated a softening spinal cord stimulation (SCS) array using shape memory polymer (SMP)-based flexible electronics.
  • Developed a photolithographic process for high surface area titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes on gold (Au) interconnects.
  • Assessed durability via effective stimulation duration and accelerated aging; stability via EMG thresholds and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); and tissue response via MRI and histology.

Main Results:

  • Achieved array durability up to 29 weeks, with no significant degradation after accelerated aging.
  • Demonstrated stable EMG thresholds and impedance from early post-implantation weeks to 16 weeks.
  • Observed enhanced motor cortex potentials and reduced tissue deformation compared to Parylene-C arrays, with no significant astrogliosis or immune reaction.

Conclusions:

  • The developed softening SCS arrays are durable and stable for research-grade applications in rats.
  • These arrays exhibit minimal tissue perturbation and biocompatibility.
  • The technology holds potential for translation into future human spinal cord stimulation devices.