Symmetric Sodium-Ion Capacitor Based on Na_0.44MnO₂ Nanorods for Low-Cost and High-Performance Energy Storage

Batteries and electrochemical capacitors play very important roles in the portable electronic devices and electric vehicles and have shown promising potential for large-scale energy storage applications. However, batteries or capacitors alone cannot meet the energy and power density requirements because rechargeable batteries have a poor power property, whereas supercapacitors offer limited capacity. Here, a novel symmetric sodium-ion capacitor (NIC) is developed based on low-cost Na_0.44MnO₂ nanorods. The Na_0.44MnO₂ with unique nanoarchitectures and iso-oriented feature offers shortened diffusion path lengths for both electronic and Na⁺ transport and reduces the stress associated with Na⁺ insertion and extraction. Benefiting from these merits, the symmetric device achieves a high power density of 2432.7 W kg^-1, an improved energy density of 27.9 Wh kg^-1, and a capacitance retention of 85.2% over 5000 cycles. Particularly, the symmetric NIC based on Na_0.44MnO₂ permits repeatedly reverse-polarity characteristics, thus simplifying energy management system and greatly enhancing the safety under abuse condition. This cost-effective, high-safety, and high-performance symmetric NIC can balance the energy and power density between batteries and capacitors and serve as an electric power source for future low-maintenance large-scale energy storage systems.