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Related Concept Videos

Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

17.8K
Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

200.9K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

138.2K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements
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Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements

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Nitrate Transport, Signaling, and Use Efficiency.

Ya-Yun Wang1, Yu-Hsuan Cheng2,3,4, Kuo-En Chen2,4

  • 1Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.

Annual Review of Plant Biology
|March 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Nitrate transporters (NRT1 and NRT2) are key to plant nitrogen uptake and distribution. Understanding their roles offers strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

Keywords:
NPFNRT1NRT2NUEnitrate signalingnitrate transporternitrogen-use efficiencytransceptor

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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Nitrogen is a major fertilizer input and cost for nonlegume crops.
  • Nitrate is a primary form of nitrogen absorbed by plants from soil.
  • Improving nitrogen utilization efficiency is crucial for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanistic insights into nitrate transport and signaling in plants.
  • To highlight the roles of NRT1 and NRT2 transporters in nitrate uptake and allocation.
  • To discuss strategies for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency using novel molecular tools.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent advancements in nitrate transport and signaling research.
  • Analysis of the functions of key components like NRT1.1, transcription factors, and signaling peptides.
  • Compilation of innovative strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding nitrate acquisition, distribution, and signaling pathways.
  • Identification of NRT1 and NRT2 transporters as critical for nitrate uptake and allocation.
  • Elucidation of the roles of NRT1.1, transcription factors, and small signaling peptides in nitrate signaling and communication.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanistic understanding of nitrate transport and signaling provides novel tools for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency.
  • Optimizing nitrogen utilization can lower farming costs and mitigate environmental issues like eutrophication and N2O emissions.
  • Future strategies can leverage these insights for more sustainable crop production.