Sex Considerations in Aneurysm Formation, Progression, and Outcomes

Aneurysm formation is a complex multifactorial process with both genetic and environmental influences. Over recent years, there has been increasing recognition of sex-specific differences regarding the prevalence and natural history of cardiovascular diseases in the population. In particular, there is a growing body of evidence showing that aneurysm behaviour differs based on sex. Although most types of aneurysms are more common in men, their growth rates and outcomes are worse in women. This fact raises attention about potential underlying differences in the arteries of men and women that may contribute to differences in aneurysm prevalence and outcomes. There are complex biochemical and mechanical mechanisms at play that contribute to vascular health. Furthermore, many studies have suggested potential differences in the hormonal milieu and underlying arterial anatomy between men and women. Based on the data reviewed in this article, assessment of the underlying pathophysiology of aneurysms in women might prove clinically useful regarding prevention, early detection, and management of aneurysms in women. Sex-specific research, screening, and treatment guidelines for aneurysm disease should be introduced to reflect the differing natural history of these diseases in men and women.