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Related Concept Videos

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

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Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

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New steps for treating alcohol use disorder.

Erin J Campbell1,2, Andrew J Lawrence1,2, Christina J Perry3,4

  • 1The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.

Psychopharmacology
|March 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Current alcohol use disorder treatments show limited progress. Emerging therapies, including new medications, digital tools, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, alongside personalized genetic approaches, offer improved rehabilitation outcomes.

Keywords:
Alcohol use disorderDrug repositioningPrecision medicineTherapyTranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Genetics
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex condition with various treatment needs.
  • Current AUD treatment guidelines, while evidence-based, show little progress over the last decade.
  • Individual genetic and phenotypic factors can complicate AUD treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD).
  • To discuss how novel approaches can supplement current evidence-based interventions.
  • To explore the role of personalized medicine in improving AUD treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Mini-review of recent scientific literature.
  • Discussion of new pharmacological agents.
  • Analysis of digital health technologies and novel interventions like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Main Results:

  • Existing AUD treatment guidelines show consistency but limited advancement.
  • Emerging treatments like new medications, digital technology, and TMS show promise.
  • Genotype and phenotype data can inform personalized AUD treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Novel treatments and personalized approaches are needed to advance alcohol use disorder care.
  • Integrating emerging therapies with genetic insights can enhance treatment efficacy.
  • Technological advancements offer powerful tools for tailoring AUD rehabilitation programs.