Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

126.0K
The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
126.0K
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

5.4K
Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
5.4K
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

9.3K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
9.3K
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

1
Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
1
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

3.7K
3.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.0K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Analyses of lambing dates in sheep breeds using von Mises distribution.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2021
Same author

Competition model for international comparisons of livestock.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2019
Same author

Genetic evaluation of Atlantic salmon for growth traits incorporating SNP markers.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2018
Same author

Gender differences for growth in North American Atlantic salmon.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2018
Same journal

Impact of Estimating Genetic Variance in the Target Group on Reliability Metrics of the Linear Regression Validation Method Under Selection.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2026
Same journal

Evaluating the Predictive Value of Estimated Breeding Values of Piétrain Sires for Uniformity and Survival in Their Crossbred Progeny.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2026
Same journal

Genetic Evaluation of Growth Rate and Kleiber's Ratio Traits in Deccani Sheep Using Bayesian Inference.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2026
Same journal

Thermal Thresholds and Genetic Sensitivity in Barrel Racing Performance of Quarter Horses Across Temperature-Humidity Indices.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2026
Same journal

Unravelling the Genetic Structure of Local and Mainstream Red-Pied Cattle Breeds Using Genomics and Extended Pedigree Analysis.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2026
Same journal

Phenotypic Responses to Selection in Ross 308 Broiler Breeders: Long-Term Growth Assessed With Nonlinear Models Across Four Generations.

Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli
26:43

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Published on: July 29, 2007

11.4K

Necessary changes to improve animal models.

L R Schaeffer1

  • 1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics = Zeitschrift Fur Tierzuchtung Und Zuchtungsbiologie
|March 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The animal model, used in genetic evaluations, inherited problems from sire models. This review discusses these issues and suggests improvements for future animal breeding applications.

Keywords:
animal modelassumptionscontemporary groupslimitationsphantom parent groups

More Related Videos

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience
07:01

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience

Published on: January 30, 2012

40.0K
An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models
09:45

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Published on: June 11, 2014

31.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli
26:43

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Published on: July 29, 2007

11.4K
Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience
07:01

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience

Published on: January 30, 2012

40.0K
An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models
09:45

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Published on: June 11, 2014

31.5K

Area of Science:

  • Animal breeding and genetics
  • Quantitative genetics
  • Livestock evaluation

Background:

  • The animal model is a statistical tool widely used in genetic evaluations for livestock.
  • It evolved from earlier sire models but retained some of their inherent limitations.
  • Understanding these limitations is crucial for accurate genetic predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the inherited issues of the animal model stemming from sire models.
  • To highlight the assumptions and limitations that require careful consideration.
  • To propose enhancements for future applications of the animal model.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of animal model methodologies.
  • Analysis of common issues in genetic evaluation models.
  • Discussion of contemporary group definition, time trend accounting, and handling unknown parents.

Main Results:

  • Identified key inherited issues: definition/treatment of contemporary groups, accounting for time trends, and managing unknown parentage.
  • Highlighted the importance of understanding the assumptions and limitations of the animal model.
  • Provided a basis for recommending specific enhancements.

Conclusions:

  • The animal model requires careful application due to inherited limitations.
  • Addressing issues like contemporary grouping and time trends is essential for robust genetic evaluations.
  • Future enhancements are recommended to improve the accuracy and applicability of the animal model.