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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group: General Mechanism01:18

Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group: General Mechanism

8.6K
The carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde or ketone is the site of a nucleophilic attack due to its electron-deficient nature. Depending on the strength of the incoming nucleophile, the reaction occurs via different mechanistic pathways.
A stronger nucleophile can directly attack the electrophilic center, the carbonyl carbon. The HOMO orbital of the nucleophile interacts with the LUMO (π* antibonding) orbital present on the carbonyl carbon. This interaction breaks the π bond and shifts the π...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching01:29

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Double bonds in alkenes and carbonyl compounds exhibit stretching frequencies in the diagnostic region of the IR spectrum. In addition, alkenes exhibit vinylic C–H stretching and C–H out-of-plane bending absorptions that are useful for identifying substitution patterns.
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction02:00

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7.1K
Grignard reagents are one of the most commonly used reagents used to synthesize alcohols from carbonyl compounds. Grignard reagents are organomagnesium halides with a highly polar carbon–magnesium bond. Due to the partial ionic nature of the C–Mg bond, the carbon functions as a strong nucleophile and attacks electrophiles like carbonyl carbon.
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Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy
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Assessing canopy performance using carbonyl sulfide measurements.

Fulin Yang1, Rafat Qubaja1, Fyodor Tatarinov1

  • 1Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Global Change Biology
|March 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) measurements help track ecosystem photosynthesis and carbon cycling. This study validates COS as a reliable tracer for ecosystem function, overcoming previous application challenges.

Keywords:
canopy conductancecanopy fluxescarbonyl sulfideflux partitioningfoliage temperaturegross primary productivityleaf relative uptake

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Area of Science:

  • Ecosystem science
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Atmospheric chemistry

Background:

  • Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a valuable tracer for ecosystem photosynthesis, crucial for advancing carbon cycle research.
  • Existing uncertainties in sink/source strengths of ecosystem components have limited the application of COS.
  • Accurate ecosystem-wide COS budgets are needed to refine its use in carbon cycle studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically quantify ecosystem contributions to the COS budget from various components (leaf, stem, soil, litter).
  • To assess the feasibility of using COS as a tracer for ecosystem photosynthesis by addressing identified caveats.
  • To evaluate the reliability of converting COS fluxes to carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized comprehensive eddy-covariance and chamber measurements to quantify fluxes.
  • Systematically measured ecosystem contributions from leaf, stem, soil, and litter.
  • Analyzed the COS/CO2 uptake ratio and its environmental dependencies (temperature, humidity, light).

Main Results:

  • Successfully closed the ecosystem COS budget, with non-photosynthetic components contributing minimally (~4%).
  • The leaf relative uptake ratio of COS/CO2 converged to a stable value (~1.6) on daily timescales, indicating a gross-to-net primary productivity ratio of ~2.
  • Seasonal variations in the COS/CO2 ratio suggest changes in mesophyll conductance, and COS-derived canopy conductance aligned with observed temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • COS is a feasible and valuable tool for assessing ecosystem function and responses to environmental change.
  • The study provides a robust method for ecosystem COS budgeting, overcoming previous limitations.
  • COS measurements offer a promising avenue for real-time ecosystem productivity monitoring.